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Today's show:

Delegating is its own unique skill, requiring training and a real investment of time and attention.

On TWiST, Jason chats for a full hour with the founder of one of his favorite startups, Athena, which trains online assistants and pairs them with busy founders and executives. (Jason has 2!)

But getting the MOST out of your executive assistants is less obvious than it looks. Jonathan unpacks some of the secrets to "Black Diamond Delegating," and how he manages to keep 6 different high-level helpers operating at once.

Plus, Jason and Jonathan look back at the Open Angel Forum days, where Jason invested in Jonathan's previous company, Thumbtack, praise the "Checklist Manifesto," discuss the telltale signs you've achieved market pull, and lots more insights.

Timestamps:

(01:53) We're joined by Jonathan Swanson from one of JCal's fav startups, Athena!(02:02) Jason and Jonathan first met during the Open Angel Forum, when Jonathan was working on Thumbtack(06:44) Finding the "little touches" that can help make an app more delightful(9:47) Northwest Registered Agent - Form your entire business identity in just 10 clicks and 10 minutes. Get more privacy, more options, and more done—visit https://www.northwestregisteredagent.com/twist today!(12:05) The shift from Thumbtack to Athena was all about time(12:52) How Jonathan delegates to 6 exec assistants at once(14:22) Pricing Athena's EAs: Jason runs the numbers(15:09) Why Athena made Jason believe in hiring assistants again(18:15) Getting past the "Cardinal Sins of Delegation"(19:38) Crusoe Cloud: Crusoe is the AI factory company. Reliable infrastructure and expert support. Visit https://crusoe.ai/build to reserve your capacity for the latest GPUs today.(20:48) Will AI ever be able to replace Athena assistants?(23:41) Inside how Athena finds and trains assistants from around the world(27:01) How JCal became an Athena Ambassador… and almost crashed the system!(30:55) Gusto - Check out the online payroll and benefits experts with software built specifically for small business and startups. Try Gusto today and get three months FREE at https://www.gusto.com/twist(32:11) The magic of having assistants work on "backstop projects" and creative tasks(37:14) How to know when you have achieved market pull(40:05) Why getting the most out of delegating takes real investment and training(44:36) More praise for the Checklist Manifesto(46:26) Jonathan gives us a peek at what "Black Diamond Delegation" looks like(52:14) Jason's early experiences hiring overseas assistants, from the Mahalo days*Subscribe to the TWiST500 newsletter: https://ticker.thisweekinstartups.comCheck out the TWIST500: https://twist500.comSubscribe to This Week in Startups on Apple: https://rb.gy/v19fcp*Follow Lon:X: https://x.com/lons*Follow Alex:X: https://x.com/alexLinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/alexwilhelm/*Follow Jason:X: https://twitter.com/JasonLinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/jasoncalacanis/*Thank you to our partners:(9:47) Northwest Registered Agent - Form your entire business identity in just 10 clicks and 10 minutes. Get more privacy, more options, and more done—visit https://www.northwestregisteredagent.com/twist today!(19:38) Crusoe Cloud: Crusoe is the AI factory company. Reliable infrastructure and expert support. Visit https://crusoe.ai/build to reserve your capacity for the latest GPUs today.(30:55) Gusto - Check out the online payroll and benefits experts with software built specifically for small business and startups. Try Gusto today and get three months FREE at https://www.gusto.com/twist

In the first Executive Function episode, Brett sits down with Jeanne De Witt Grosser, Chief Operating Officer at Vercel. Before Vercel, Jeanne spent nearly a decade at Stripe, where she built and scaled global revenue teams and led product partnerships. In this conversation, she unpacks what separates good executives from extraordinary ones, shares her rigorous executive hiring process, and reveals the brutally honest performance review feedback she'll never forget.

In today's episode, we discuss:

• What it takes to operate at 30,000 feet and ground level simultaneously
• The leap from frontline manager to manager of managers
• Inside Jeanne's executive interview process
• The inherent value of driver trees for metrics
• Why context is everything

References:

• Akamai: https://www.akamai.com
• Claire Johnson: https://www.linkedin.com/in/claire-hughes-johnson-7058/
• Culture Amp: https://www.cultureamp.com
• Guillermo Rauch: https://www.linkedin.com/in/rauchg
• John Collison: https://www.linkedin.com/in/johnbcollison/
• Next.js: https://nextjs.org
• Nike: https://www.nike.com
• OpenAI: https://www.openai.com
• Patrick Collison: https://www.linkedin.com/in/patrickcollison
• Stanford Graduate School of Business: https://www.gsb.stanford.edu
• Stripe: https://www.stripe.com
• Vercel: https://www.vercel.com

Where to find Jeanne:

• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/jeannedewitt

Where to find Brett:

• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/brett-berson-9986094/
• Twitter/X: https://twitter.com/brettberson

Where to find First Round Capital:

• Website: https://firstround.com/
• First Round Review: https://review.firstround.com/
• Twitter/X: https://twitter.com/firstround
• YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@FirstRoundCapital
• This podcast on all platforms: https://review.firstround.com/podcast

Timestamps:

(01:17) What separates good executives from extraordinary ones

(02:48) How leadership changes as companies scale

(04:15) What an executive is actually accountable for

(06:11) The leap most rising leaders never make

(07:52) When to dive deep vs. when to step back

(10:09) Teaching people to think like you do

(11:56) Creating a shared language across the business

(13:52) What a COO job description actually looks like

(17:20) The upside of owning the full customer experience

(19:10) Why marketing rolls up under a COO

(21:06) Being demanding and supportive at the same time

(22:33) Inside the executive interview process

(27:35) The workshop prompts that reveal everything

(30:11) The common thread in failed executive hires

(36:36) Metrics: the driver tree philosophy

(43:04 What a collaborative exec team looks like

(57:08) How Stripe got 30 people to operate as one team

(1:03:50) Working yourself out of a job

(1:10:32) The review feedback you can't unhear

How do you tell if an economy is actually working? Most economics classes point to controlled inflation, steady growth, or low unemployment - but what if the level of financial fraud is the real hidden indicator?

Robin Wigglesworth and Gillian Tett talk to Dan Davies, financial historian and author of Lying for Money, to hear about some of the wildest and most shocking frauds in history. From 'the great salad oil swindle,' which almost brought down American Express to a fake gold mine in Borneo that ended with a mysterious fall from a helicopter. Together they explore how trust drives modern economies - and how fraudsters continuously exploit it.

Further reading: Lying for Money: How Legendary Frauds Reveal the Workings of Our World by Dan Davies

To enjoy future episodes, be sure to subscribe to The Story of Money wherever you get your podcasts, also on the show's dedicated YouTube channel here: https://www.youtube.com/@FTTheStoryOfMoney

Hosts: Gillian Tett and Robin Wigglesworth

Senior Producer: Michela Tindera

Executive producers: Kate Ford and Manuela Saragosa

Video producer: Michael Saliba

Original music and sound design: Breen Turner

Broadcast engineers: Bianca Wakeman and Petros Gioumpasis

Podcast development: Laura Clarke

FT global head of audio: Flo Phillips

Learn more at www.ft.com/tsom or get in touch at thestoryofmoney@ft.com

Read a transcript of this episode on FT.com

Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Tom Verrilli is the chief product officer at Whatnot, a live shopping platform that’s become the fastest-growing U.S. marketplace business in history, with over $8 billion in GMV. Before joining Whatnot, Tom was CPO at Twitch and director of product growth at Twitter (during one of the most turbulent periods in the company’s history).

In our in-depth conversation, we discuss:

1. Why Whatnot’s product team was founded on the premise “we regret that product management exists”

2. How AI is reshaping the PM role

3. What Tom looks for when hiring PMs

4. The shift toward senior ICs doing the work

5. How AI has transformed data science at Whatnot

6. Tom’s “play the accordion” mental model

7. Why “hire great people and get out of their way” fails

8. His biggest lessons from his time at Twitter

—

Brought to you by:

WorkOS—Make your app enterprise-ready, with SSO, SCIM, RBAC, and more

Mercury—Radically different banking, now with Command

—

Episode transcript: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/this-cpo-regrets-that-product-management

—

Archive of all Lenny's Podcast transcripts: https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fo/yxi4s2w998p1gvtpu4193/AMdNPR8AOw0lMklwtnC0TrQ?rlkey=j06x0nipoti519e0xgm23zsn9&st=ahz0fj11&dl=0

—

Where to find Tom Verrilli:

• X: https://x.com/tdrobbo

• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/tom-robertson-042

—

Where to find Lenny:

• Newsletter: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com

• X: https://twitter.com/lennysan

• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lennyrachitsky/

—

In this episode, we cover:

(00:00) Introduction

(02:40) “We regret that product management exists”: what it means and why

(08:30) When specialization makes sense, and when it doesn’t

(15:20) How Whatnot structures its PM org

(17:28) What 31,832 PM applications revealed about the function

(19:40) How to develop systems thinking

(22:10) The shift to senior ICs doing IC work

(32:26) Advice for PMs struggling in today’s market

(35:22) How AI has transformed work at Whatnot

(41:14) The data scientist problem

(42:48) Which roles are trending up and down

(44:48) What the product team of the future looks like

(46:29) Why core PM skills are the most durable in an AI world

(49:23) How to get the most out of the people you hire

(53:32) Navigating the CPO-founder relationship

(57:34) Advice for aspiring CPO’s

(59:16) How to know when to stand firm and when to step back

(01:01:38) Play the accordion: balancing strategic vision with fast iteration

(01:06:35) Agentic commerce vs. live commerce

(01:09:46) Lessons from Twitter

(01:13:07) Failure corner

(01:15:45) Lightning round and final thoughts

—

Referenced:

• Whatnot: https://www.whatnot.com

• Building, and Whatnot: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/building-whatnot-tom-verrilli-bwkdc

• Twitch: https://www.twitch.tv

• Why Netflix is betting on systems thinkers—not specialists—in the AI era | Elizabeth Stone (CPTO): https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/netflix-cpto-on-ai-and-the-future

• Peter Bailis on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/pbailis

• Mike Krieger on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/mikekrieger

• Anthropic’s CPO on what comes next | Mike Krieger (co-founder of Instagram): https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/anthropics-cpo-heres-what-comes-next

• Ben Kus on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/benkus

• Henry Shi on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/henrythe9th

• Hex Threads: https://hex.tech/product/threads

• Product management theater | Marty Cagan (Silicon Valley Product Group): https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/product-management-theater-marty

• Grant LaFontaine on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/grantlafontaine

• Logan Head on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/logan-head

• Emmett Shear on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/emmettshear

• Kara Swisher on X: https://x.com/karaswisher

• Jeff Bezos: Amazon and Blue Origin—Lex Fridman Podcast: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DcWqzZ3I2cY

• Star City on AppleTV+: https://tv.apple.com/us/show/star-city/umc.cmc.2l8p785osmtmiyk64bh6tfde1

• For All Mankind on AppleTV+: https://tv.apple.com/us/show/for-all-mankind/umc.cmc.6wsi780sz5tdbqcf11k76mkp7

• Service NSW Mobile App: https://www.service.nsw.gov.au/services/service-nsw-mobile-app

• Rudyard Kipling: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling

• E-fish.com: https://www.e-fish.com

—

Recommended books:

• The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers―Straight Talk on the Challenges of Entrepreneurship: https://www.amazon.com/dp/0062273205

• The Purpose Driven Church: Every Church Is Big in God’s Eyes: https://www.amazon.com/dp/0310201063

• Babel: Or the Necessity of Violence: An Arcane History of the Oxford Translators’ Revolution―An Historic Fantasy of Dark Academia: https://www.amazon.com/Babel-Necessity-Violence-Translators-Revolution/dp/0063021439

—

Production and marketing by https://penname.co/. For inquiries about sponsoring the podcast, email podcast@lennyrachitsky.com.

—

Lenny may be an investor in the companies discussed.

Elizabeth Stone is the Chief Product and Technology Officer (CPTO) at Netflix, where she oversees Engineering, Product, and Design. Since her first appearance on the podcast two years ago—which remained my second-most-popular episode for more than a year—she has expanded her role to lead product, in addition to engineering. Before Netflix, Elizabeth was VP of Science at Lyft, Chief Operating Officer at Nuna, an economist at Analysis Group, and a trader at Merrill Lynch.

In our in-depth conversation, we discuss:

1. Why “systems thinking” is now the most important skill she looks for

2. How to manage the flood of AI-generated output without losing quality or signal

3. How Netflix thinks about AI fluency as a universal expectation rather than a level-specific skill

4. What “excellence as an operating system” means

—

Brought to you by:

WorkOS—Make your app enterprise-ready, with SSO, SCIM, RBAC, and more: https://workos.com/lenny

Mercury—Radically different banking, now with Command: https://mercury.com/command?utm_source=lennys&utm_medium=sponsored_newsletter&utm_campaign=26q3_brand_campaign

—

Episode transcript: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/netflix-cpto-on-ai-and-the-future

—

Archive of all Lenny's Podcast transcripts: https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fo/yxi4s2w998p1gvtpu4193/AMdNPR8AOw0lMklwtnC0TrQ?rlkey=j06x0nipoti519e0xgm23zsn9&st=ahz0fj11&dl=0

—

Where to find Elizabeth Stone:

• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/elizabeth-stone-608a754

—

Where to find Lenny:

• Newsletter: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com

• X: https://twitter.com/lennysan

• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lennyrachitsky/

—

In this episode, we cover:

(00:00) Introduction

(02:25) AI and role confusion: the storming phase before the forming phase

(07:36) How roles have changed in the past two and a half years

(11:55) Will functions survive? The case for craft specialism

(13:26) What Netflix is hiring more of—and less of

(17:22) Why systems thinking is the rising skill across every function

(20:20) Is the design process dead?

(22:08) Skills trending down

(28:33) AI fluency and Netflix’s career ladder overlay

(31:00) AI use cases beyond coding

(35:12) Netflix’s AI history

(38:36) Excellence as an operating system

(41:11) The pillars of the excellence OS

(46:41) The keeper’s test—and why it’s mostly a positive conversation

(50:21) Attracting top talent in the age of frontier AI labs

(52:54) Junior talent, craft mastery, and the mentorship question

(56:25) Where engineering goes in 5 to 10 years

(59:45) The future of entertainment: beyond film and TV

(1:02:18) AI in Hollywood: Netflix’s creator-enablement position

(1:06:15) Lightning round and final thoughts

—

Referenced:

• How Netflix builds a culture of excellence | Elizabeth Stone (CTO): https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/how-netflix-builds-a-culture-of-excellence

• Brian Chesky’s new playbook: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/brian-cheskys-contrarian-approach

• The design process is dead. Here’s what’s replacing it. | Jenny Wen (head of design at Claude): https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/the-design-process-is-dead

• Claude Code: https://www.anthropic.com/product/claude-code

• Claude Cowork: https://www.anthropic.com/product/claude-cowork

• Netflix’s “Keeper Test” and Why You Need It | Lorne Rubis: https://www.highlights.lornerubis.com/2015/08/the-netflix-keeper-test-and-the-courage-to-take-it

• Innovation for Filmmaking, By Filmmakers: Why InterPositive Is Joining Netflix: https://about.netflix.com/en/news/why-interpositive-is-joining-netflix

• InterPositive: https://weareinterpositive.com

• Netflix Prize: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix_Prize

• Quarterback on Netflix: https://www.netflix.com/title/81482895

• The Bill Simmons Podcast on Netflix: https://www.netflix.com/title/82186214

• Spencer Pratt on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/spencerpratt

• Salman Rushdie’s Substack: https://salmanrushdie.substack.com

• Remarkably Bright Creatures on Netflix: https://www.netflix.com/title/81911351

• Eight Sleep: https://www.eightsleep.com

• Tour de France: https://www.letour.fr/en

—

Recommended books:

• Thinking in Systems: https://www.amazon.com/Thinking-Systems-Donella-H-Meadows/dp/1603580557

• Into Thin Air: A Personal Account of the Mt. Everest Disaster: https://www.amazon.com/Into-Thin-Air-Personal-Disaster/dp/0385494785

• Liar’s Poker: https://www.amazon.com/Liars-Poker-Norton-Paperback-Michael/dp/039333869X

—

Production and marketing by https://penname.co/. For inquiries about sponsoring the podcast, email podcast@lennyrachitsky.com.

—

Lenny may be an investor in the companies discussed.

We often think of the challenges created by technology as separate and disconnected, so trying to solve them feels like playing the world's hardest game of Whac-A-Mole. 

What if, instead, we tackled them at the root by identifying the patterns in design, development, and deployment that are causing these issues? Once we understand what's driving inhumane tech, we can develop a set of principles for building humane tech. 

In this week’s episode of Your Undivided Attention, Aza Raskin sits down with fellow CHT co-founder Randy Fernando to walk through CHT's Seven Principles of Humane Technology. For each principle, they draw on real-world examples from the podcast and beyond to clearly illustrate how these principles (and their absence) show up in the world. 

There’s so much more here than can go into a single podcast. If you want to go deeper, visit humanetech.com/course and sign up to learn more. 

Your Undivided Attention is produced by the Center for Humane Technology. Follow us on X: @HumaneTech_ and subscribe to our Substack.

RECOMMENDED YUA EPISODES

What Happened in Vegas with Natasha Dow Schüll 

Down the Rabbit Hole by Design. Guest: Guillaume Chaslot

Forever Chemicals, Forever Consequences: What PFAS Teaches Us About AI 

The Power of Solutions Journalism with Tina Rosenberg and Hélène Biandudi Hofer 

The Invisible Cyber-War with Nicole Perlroth

Anthropic’s Mythos Has Changed Cybersecurity Forever. What Now?

How OpenAI's ChatGPT Guided a Teen to His Death

Attachment Hacking and the Rise of AI Psychosis

Digital Democracy is Within Reach with Audrey Tang

The Tech We Need for 21st Century Democracy with Divya Siddarth

Mind the (Perception) Gap with Dan Vallone 

CORRECTIONS

Aza incorrectly named Tina Rosenberg as one of the founders of Solutions Journalism. Her organization's name is the Solutions Journalism Network. 

Aza stated that “chatbots are better than any human at persuading people out of conspiracy theories.” This is in reference to a study that found AIs to be very slightly more persuasive than human experts; we can’t extrapolate from that that they are better than any human. The point stands that they are remarkably good persuasion machines.

Aza referred to EO Wilson as the “father of evolutionary biology,” but the field he is largely credited with founding is sociobiology. 

Aza cited Spain and Denmark as examples of countries that have banned social media for teens. However, these countries have only proposed such bans; they have not been enacted. 

Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Andrew Ambrosino leads development of the Codex desktop app at OpenAI. Nearly 100% of OpenAI employees—not just engineers—now use Codex weekly. A lifelong builder with a background spanning engineering, design, product management, and founding companies, he is now responsible for turning the Codex desktop experience into what he calls “the best desktop app that has ever existed, full stop.”

In our in-depth conversation, we discuss:

1. Why AI has completely flipped the product development process

2. What “taste” really means as a professional skill, and why it is emerging as the most valuable capability in an AI-first workplace

3. Why Andrew believes the Codex app would have failed if they launched it last November (vs. in February)

4. The “zone defense” model for how product managers at OpenAI operate when everyone can build anything

5. How roles are collapsed on Andrew’s team, and why eliminating the concept of roles entirely is a big mistake

6. How Andrew uses Codex to run his own workflows

7. The vision for a home base that coordinates work across ChatGPT, Codex, and the tools people already use.

—

Brought to you by:

WorkOS—Make your app enterprise-ready, with SSO, SCIM, RBAC, and more

Mercury—Radically different banking, now with Command

—

Episode transcript: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/openais-codex-lead-on-the-new-shape

—

Archive of all Lenny's Podcast transcripts: https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fo/yxi4s2w998p1gvtpu4193/AMdNPR8AOw0lMklwtnC0TrQ?rlkey=j06x0nipoti519e0xgm23zsn9&st=ahz0fj11&dl=0

—

Where to find Andrew Ambrosino:

• X: https://x.com/ajambrosino

• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/ajambrosino

• Website: https://ambrosino.io

—

Where to find Lenny:

• Newsletter: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com

• X: https://twitter.com/lennysan

• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lennyrachitsky/

—

In this episode, we cover:

(00:00) Introduction to Andrew Ambrosino

(02:30) How AI is changing the shape of product work

(06:32) When to use documents vs. prototypes

(10:25) What “taste” actually means

(12:06) Why AI is still bad at design

(16:18) Is the design process really dead?

(21:35) What the design process looks like on the Codex team

(23:41) Are product functions disappearing?

(27:22) Team structure

(30:12) IC vs. management

(31:37) Planning roadmaps

(35:16) Building features that don’t work yet

(38:13) The ambition problem: when you’re too AGI-pilled

(39:17) The latest frontier: loops and autonomous development

(52:05) How Andrew uses Codex to automate his entire job

(46:52) The power of computer use and browser automation

(49:10) Will we run all our SaaS apps inside Codex?

(52:05) The future vision for Codex

(57:20) The videographer who built a Premiere Pro extension with Codex

(59:30) Failure corner

(1:01:50) Lightning round

(1:07:03) BTS: How our producer uses Codex for editing

—

References: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/openais-codex-lead-on-the-new-shape

—

Production and marketing by https://penname.co/. For inquiries about sponsoring the podcast, email podcast@lennyrachitsky.com.

—

Lenny may be an investor in the companies discussed.

Fiona Fung leads the teams behind Claude Code and Cowork at Anthropic (overseeing Boris Cherny and the entire engineering and PM team). Before Anthropic, she spent 11 years at Microsoft building Visual Studio and TypeScript and then moved to Meta, where she started Facebook Marketplace (now generating over $100 billion in GMV annually), worked on Meta’s first smart glasses and AR glasses, and led infrastructure, growth, integrity, and safety teams at Instagram. She’s been an engineer for over 25 years and has a unique perspective on how the role of building software is changing.

In our in-depth conversation, we discuss:

1. What she’s learned about running a team that’s shipping 8x more code than before

2. Which roles AI will transform next

3. Specific ways her team uses AI

4. How Claude “routines” have changed how she operates as a manager

5. The context-switching problem no one has solved yet

6. The biggest unsolved problem in AI

7. What keeps her up at night

—

Brought to you by:

WorkOS—Make your app enterprise-ready, with SSO, SCIM, RBAC, and more: https://workos.com/lenny

Mercury—Radically different banking, now with Command: https://mercury.com/

—

Where to find Fiona Fung:

• LinkedIn: linkedin.com/in/fionafung

—

Where to find Lenny:

• Newsletter: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com

• X: https://twitter.com/lennysan

• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lennyrachitsky/

—

In this episode, we cover:

(00:00) Introduction to Fiona Fung

(02:31) How the engineering role has transformed over 25 years

(09:28) What an AI-pilled software team looks like in 2026

(12:26) Using Claude to manage and review team output

(14:40) The evolution of code review and verification

(16:55) Who to hire: creative builders and deep systems experts

(18:18) The shift to ambitious thinking

(19:40) The growth mindset required to thrive in AI-native teams

(25:52) Helping small businesses adopt AI tools

(31:46) How Anthropic spots latent demand and builds for it

(35:08) The next frontier: asynchronous work with AI routines

(38:06) Agency and accountability in AI-native teams

(39:40) The vibe shift from token-maxing to ROI measurement

(44:24) The “bad vs. sad” quality framework

(49:34) Why all managers start as ICs at Anthropic

(55:24) Preventing skill atrophy

(58:43) Managing context switching with 20 AI agents running

(1:00:08) How PM and data science roles are transforming

(1:03:40) The importance of dogfooding and using your own product

(1:08:36) Outstanding questions

(1:12:48) The future of engineering jobs and education

(1:17:59) What keeps Fiona up at night: team culture at scale

(1:22:53) From six-month roadmaps to JIT (just-in-time) monthly planning

(1:27:03) Lightning round

—

References: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/building-the-most-ai-pilled-engineering

—

Production and marketing by https://penname.co/. For inquiries about sponsoring the podcast, email podcast@lennyrachitsky.com.

—

Lenny may be an investor in the companies discussed.

Mark Pincus founded Zynga—the company behind Words With Friends, FarmVille, and Zynga Poker—and has arguably created more hit consumer products than anyone in history. At Zynga, eight of 10 major game launches became massive hits, reaching over a billion players. Over the past five years, Mark has been synthesizing everything he’s learned about building successful consumer products and turning it into a book, Life at the Speed of Play, which comes out on June 23. This is the first interview he’s done about the book.

In our in-depth conversation, we discuss:

1. His “Proven, Better, New” framework: copy what’s proven, make it better so that 10 out of 10 people say “f*ck yes, I’ll use this”—then add something new

2. Why being less ambitious is the path to the most ambitious ideas

3. His rule of thumb that your instincts are right 95% of the time, but your ideas are wrong 75% of the time

4. “Kill hope before hope kills you”

5. How to raise kids in the age of AI

—

Brought to you by:

WorkOS—Make your app enterprise-ready, with SSO, SCIM, RBAC, and more

Vanta—Automate compliance, manage risk, and accelerate trust with AI

—

Episode transcript: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/the-common-pattern-behind-successful

—

Archive of all Lenny's Podcast transcripts: https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fo/yxi4s2w998p1gvtpu4193/AMdNPR8AOw0lMklwtnC0TrQ?rlkey=j06x0nipoti519e0xgm23zsn9&st=ahz0fj11&dl=0

—

Where to find Mark Pincus:

• X: https://x.com/markpinc

• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/markpincus

• Website: https://www.lifeatthespeedofplay.com

—

Where to find Lenny:

• Newsletter: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com

• X: https://twitter.com/lennysan

• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lennyrachitsky/

—

In this episode, we cover:

(00:00) Introduction to Mark Pincus

(02:46) The Proven Better New framework overview

(07:29) Earning the right to innovate

(08:30) What “better” really means

(12:03) Quick summary of the framework

(12:40) Examples of the framework in action

(13:30) How to use proven correctly on your platform

(15:13) The moral arbitrage of copying

(23:55) Be less ambitious

(28:25) The Bolt.new story and staying humble

(33:15) Kill hope before hope kills you

(37:00) Using AI as a failure machine

(40:08) Why Zynga’s games succeeded (it wasn’t virality)

(48:36) The future of consumer social apps

(57:05) How to know if your product is a B+

(1:01:25) Distribution in the age of AI

(1:15:39) Make everyone a CEO

(1:18:18) Stay close to the metal

(1:21:35) Why Mark says micromanagement is beautiful

(1:23:35) The expert witness

(1:25:05) The number one job of a CEO is to be right

(1:26:35) What Mark is teaching his five kids

(1:35:14) Mark’s “why”

(1:37:08) Mark’s new book: Life at The Speed of Play

—

Referenced:

• Tribe.net: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe.net

• Zynga: https://www.zynga.com

• Sid Meier: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Meier

• Electronic Arts: https://www.ea.com

• CityVille: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CityVille

• Words With Friends: https://wordswithfriends.com/

• Scrabble: https://playscrabble.com

• Reddit: https://www.reddit.com

• TED Radio Hour, MIT Media Lab founder, 1984 TED talk.: https://www.ted.com/talks/nicholas_negroponte_5_predictions_from_1984

• Peter Thiel on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/peterthiel

• FarmVille: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FarmVille

• Craig Newmark: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Newmark

• How to consistently go viral: Nikita Bier’s playbook for winning at consumer apps (co-founder of TBH, Gas, advisor, investor): https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/how-to-consistently-go-viral-nikita-bier

• Angry Birds: https://www.angrybirds.com/

• OMGPop: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OMGPop

• Draw Something: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_Something

• Slack founder: Mental models for building products people love ft. Stewart Butterfield: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/slack-founder-stewart-butterfield

• Brian Chesky’s new playbook: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/brian-cheskys-contrarian-approach

• Garry Tan on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/garrytan

• Brian Armstrong on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/barmstrong

• Jason Citron on X: https://x.com/jasoncitron

• Stanislav Vishnevskiy on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/svishnevskiy

• Jeff Bezos on X: https://x.com/JeffBezos

• Andy Jassy on X: https://x.com/ajassy

• Niantic: https://nianticlabs.com

• Pokémon Go: https://pokemongo.com

• Bing Gordon on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/binggordon

—

Recommended book:

• Life at the Speed of Play: Launch Products People Love!: https://www.amazon.com/Life-Speed-Play-Launch-Products/dp/0063352575/ref=tmm_hrd_swatch_0

—

Production and marketing by https://penname.co/. For inquiries about sponsoring the podcast, email podcast@lennyrachitsky.com.

—

Lenny may be an investor in the companies discussed.

Immad Akhund is the CEO and co-founder of Mercury, a digital banking platform that’s become the go-to financial infrastructure for startups. Before Mercury, Immad spent nearly two decades founding companies, learning the hard way what separates a good idea from a great business.

In this episode, Immad shares the hard-earned lessons from launching Mercury as his third startup. He unpacks how he recognized this was the right idea to pursue, what strong product-market fit feels like, and why trying to "iterate" your way to success often leads founders astray.

In this episode, we discuss:

• Mercury’s unusual culture playbook – and why it works
• How to hire with intention
• The trap of weak product-market fit
• Shipping under intense pressure during the SVB crisis
• And much more…

References:

• Airbnb: https://www.airbnb.com/
• Andreessen Horowitz: https://a16z.com/
• Apple: https://www.apple.com/
• Block: https://block.xyz/
• Brex: https://www.brex.com/
• Chime: https://www.chime.com/
• Gusto: https://gusto.com/
• Mercury: https://mercury.com/
• Paul Graham: https://x.com/paulg
• Plaid: https://plaid.com/
• Stripe: https://stripe.com/
• SVB (Silicon Valley Bank): https://www.svb.com/
• True Link Financial: https://www.truelinkfinancial.com/
• Varo: https://www.varomoney.com/
• Y Combinator: https://www.ycombinator.com/

Where to find Immad:

• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/iakhund/

Where to find Brett:

• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/brett-berson-9986094/
• Twitter/X: https://twitter.com/brettberson

Where to find First Round Capital:

• Website: https://firstround.com/
• First Round Review: https://review.firstround.com/
• Twitter/X: https://twitter.com/firstround
• YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@FirstRoundCapital
• This podcast on all platforms: https://review.firstround.com/podcast

Timestamps:

• (1:07) Hard-won lessons from serial entrepreneurship
• (2:02) You shouldn’t copy-paste advice
• (6:57) Why personality trumps culture playbooks
• (8:48) How do you hire for cultural fit?
• (12:38) The values that shaped Mercury’s DNA
• (14:08) The drivers underpinning Mercury’s success
• (15:50) The significance of product-market fit
• (20:41) Don’t fall into the weak product-market fit trap
• (25:49) How to evaluate startup ideas that scale
• (30:14) Mercury’s unlikely origin story
• (33:51) Breaking into the fintech space
• (37:31) Mindset shift: From “This is hard” to long-term gains
• (39:43) Building Mercury’s MVP
• (44:25) Overcoming early obstacles to reach launch
• (47:36) Navigating Mercury’s rapid growth phase
• (51:18) Competition isn’t the reason you’re failing
• (55:58) Crisis management during the SVB collapse

In this ScreenFish 1on1 Interview, Canadian programmer Aisha Jamal discusses the importance of documentaries and why they resonate with younger audiences. She reflects on what she’s most excited about for this year’s Hot Docs festival. Aisha also shares the inspiration behind her film THE THEFT, exploring the power of reclaiming cultural stories like the Ghazni marbles and examining our complicated relationship with museums, history, and heritage. The conversation highlights how documentaries can inform, challenge, and inspire change.

You can find more information about Hot Docs '26 at hotdocs.ca

THE THEFT is now streaming on tvo.org.

Gabor Pertic talks about becoming the lead programmer of the Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival and what films he is most excited about from the 2026 line-up. ✨ KEY MOMENTS IN THIS VIDEO:

00:00 Introduction

00:24 Gabor Pertic on Becoming Lead Programmer

00:50 Is There Any Film Gabor Pertic is Particularly Proud Of?

01:01 What Gabor Pertic is Really Excited About

01:14 End Screen

Simon Willison is a prolific independent software developer, a blogger, and one of the most visible and trusted voices on the impact AI is having on builders. He co-created Django, the web framework that powers Instagram, Pinterest, and tens of thousands of other websites. He coined the term “prompt injection,” popularized the terms “AI slop” and “agentic engineering,” and has built over 100 open source projects, including Datasette, a data analysis tool used by investigative journalists worldwide. What makes Simon unique is that he’s made the leap from traditional software engineering to AI-native development more fully and visibly than almost anyone—and he’s been documenting everything he learns in real time on his blog, SimonWillison.net.

In our in-depth conversation, Simon shares:

1. Why November 2025 was the inflection point when AI coding agents crossed from “mostly works” to “actually works”

2. How Simon writes 95% of his code from his phone now and why he’s mentally exhausted by 11 a.m.

3. Why mid-career engineers (not juniors) are most at risk right now

4. The three agentic engineering patterns Simon uses daily (red/green TDD, templates, hoarding)

5. The next leap: the “dark factory” pattern where nobody writes or reviews code and AI does its own QA

6. Why prompt injection is an unsolved security problem and the “lethal trifecta” that will likely lead to an AI Challenger disaster

7. Why the pelican riding a bicycle became the unofficial benchmark for AI model quality

—

Brought to you by:

WorkOS—Modern identity platform for B2B SaaS, free up to 1 million MAUs

Vanta—automate compliance, manage risk, and accelerate trust with AI

—

Episode transcript: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/an-ai-state-of-the-union

—

Archive of all Lenny's Podcast transcripts: https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fo/yxi4s2w998p1gvtpu4193/AMdNPR8AOw0lMklwtnC0TrQ?rlkey=j06x0nipoti519e0xgm23zsn9&st=ahz0fj11&dl=0

—

Where to find Simon Willison:

• X: https://x.com/simonw

• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/simonwillison

• Website: https://simonwillison.net

• Agentic Engineering Patterns: https://simonwillison.net/guides/agentic-engineering-patterns

—

Where to find Lenny:

• Newsletter: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com

• X: https://twitter.com/lennysan

• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lennyrachitsky/

—

In this episode, we cover:

(00:00) Introduction to Simon Willison

(02:40) The November 2025 inflection point

(08:01) What’s possible now with AI coding

(10:42) Vibe coding vs. agentic engineering

(13:57) The dark-factory pattern

(20:41) Where bottlenecks have shifted

(23:36) Where human brains will continue to be valuable

(25:32) Defending of software engineers

(29:12) Why experienced engineers get better results

(30:48) Advice for avoiding the permanent underclass

(33:52) Leaning into AI to amplify your skills

(35:12) Why Simon says he’s working harder than ever

(37:23) The market for pre-2022 human-written code

(40:01) Prediction: 50% of engineers writing 95% AI code by the end of 2026

(44:34) The impact of cheap code

(48:27) Simon’s AI stack

(54:08) Using AI for research

(55:12) The pelican-riding-a-bicycle benchmark

(59:01) The inherent ridiculousness of AI

(1:00:52) Hoarding things you know how to do

(1:08:21) Red/green TDD pattern for better AI code

(1:14:43) Starting projects with good templates

(1:16:31) The lethal trifecta and prompt injection

(1:21:53) Why 97% effectiveness is a failing grade

(1:25:19) The normalization of deviance

(1:28:32) OpenClaw: the security nightmare everyone is looking past

(1:34:22) What’s next for Simon

(1:36:47) Zero-deliverable consulting

(1:38:05) Good news about Kakapo parrots

—

References: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/an-ai-state-of-the-union

—

Production and marketing by https://penname.co/. For inquiries about sponsoring the podcast, email podcast@lennyrachitsky.com.

—

Lenny may be an investor in the companies discussed.

Keith Rabois was an early executive at PayPal (part of the famous PayPal Mafia), COO at Square, VP of Corporate Development at LinkedIn, and an early investor in Stripe, DoorDash, Airbnb, YouTube, Ramp, and Palantir. Currently he’s managing director at Khosla Ventures. Also, he hasn’t touched a computer since September 2010 (he does everything from an iPad).

In our in-depth conversation, Keith shares:

1. The barrels vs. ammunition hiring framework (and how to spot barrels)

2. Why talking to customers is actively harmful for consumer products

3. How to identify undiscovered talent

4. Why the PM role is dying

5. The three traits of the best-performing companies right now

6. The specific interview question he asks every senior candidate

7. Why CMOs (not engineers) are becoming the #1 consumer of tokens

—

Brought to you by:

WorkOS—Modern identity platform for B2B SaaS, free up to 1 million MAUs

Vanta—automate compliance, manage risk, and accelerate trust with AI

—

Episode transcript: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/hard-truths-about-building-in-the-ai-era

—

Archive of all Lenny's Podcast transcripts: https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fo/yxi4s2w998p1gvtpu4193/AMdNPR8AOw0lMklwtnC0TrQ?rlkey=j06x0nipoti519e0xgm23zsn9&st=ahz0fj11&dl=0

—

Where to find Keith Rabois:

• X: https://x.com/rabois

• LinkedIn: linkedin.com/in/keith

• Website: https://www.khoslaventures.com

—

Where to find Lenny:

• Newsletter: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com

• X: https://twitter.com/lennysan

• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lennyrachitsky/

—

In this episode, we cover:

(00:00) Introduction to Keith Rabois

(01:59) Why Keith hasn’t used a computer since 2010

(04:52) The team you build is the company you build

(07:40) How Keith learned to identify talent at PayPal

(10:05) Tactics for getting better at hiring

(15:31) The barrels vs. ammunition framework

(18:52) What makes someone a barrel

(22:36) How to attract the best talent

(26:18) Building companies on undiscovered talent

(27:53) Why better performance requires more pressure

(32:36) Career advice in the age of AI

(35:14) The future of the product triad

(41:03) Why design and code are merging

(49:35) What practicing law taught Keith about entrepreneurship

(51:22) Contrarian takes on customer feedback

(1:02:33) Identifying great AI opportunities

(1:05:13) Advice for evaluating statrups 

(1:12:36) Criticizing in public vs. private

(1:15:05) Failure corner

(1:17:29) Lightning round

—

Referenced:

• Square: https://squareup.com

• Jack Dorsey on X: https://x.com/jack

• Head of Claude Code: What happens after coding is solved | Boris Cherny: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/head-of-claude-code-what-happens

• Simon Willison’s Weblog: https://simonwillison.net

• Vinod Khosla on X: https://x.com/vkhosla

• Peter Thiel on X: https://x.com/peterthiel

• Max Levchin on X: https://x.com/mlevchin

• David Sacks on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/davidoliversacks

• Tony Xu on X: https://x.com/t_xu

• David Sze on X: https://x.com/davidsze

• Faire: https://www.faire.com

• Max Rhodes on X: https://x.com/MaxRhodesOK

• Jeffrey Kolovson on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/jeffreykolovson

• Uncapped | Comparative Advantages w/ Keith Rabois: https://www.khoslaventures.com/posts/uncapped-comparative-advantages-w-keith-rabois

• Lattice: https://lattice.com

• Taylor Francis on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/taylor-francis-4ba49640

• Building product at Stripe: craft, metrics, and customer obsession | Jeff Weinstein (Product lead): https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/building-product-at-stripe-jeff-weinstein

• The art of hiring: insights from Khosla Ventures, Airbnb, Ramp and Traba: https://ramp.com/velocity/the-art-of-hiring-insights

• Eric Glyman: Seek out super individual contributors (ICs): https://ramp.com/velocity/the-art-of-hiring-insights#Eric-Glyman:-Seek-out-super-individual-contributors-(ICs)

• Eric Glyman on X: https://x.com/eglyman

• Mike Moore on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/mike-moore-802223177

• Brian Chesky’s new playbook: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/brian-cheskys-contrarian-approach

• Why you should work much harder RIGHT NOW: https://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2026/03/why-you-should-work-much-harder-right-now.html

• Opendoor: https://www.opendoor.com

• The Craft of Early Stage Venture | Peter Fenton, General Partner at Benchmark | Uncapped with Jack Altman: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vRiblwiXt-Q

• Lovable: https://lovable.dev

• The rise of the professional vibe coder (a new AI-era job) | Lazar Jovanovic (Professional Vibe Coder): https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/getting-paid-to-vibe-code

• Building Lovable: $10M ARR in 60 days with 15 people | Anton Osika (co-founder and CEO): https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/building-lovable-anton-osika

• Marc Andreessen: The real AI boom hasn’t even started yet: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/marc-andreessen-the-real-ai-boom

• Jeremy Stoppelman on X: https://x.com/jeremys

• The design process is dead. Here’s what’s replacing it. | Jenny Wen (head of design at Claude): https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/the-design-process-is-dead

• Andy Warhol: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Warhol

• Curation and Algorithms: https://stratechery.com/2015/curation-and-algorithms

• Ernest Hemingway: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway

• William Shakespeare: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare

• Evan Moore on X: https://x.com/evancharles

• Andrew Mason on X: https://x.com/andrewmason

• Read Taylor Swift’s Full Viral Speech After Record-Breaking Awards Sweep: https://www.newsweek.com/entertainment/read-taylor-swift-full-acceptance-speech-record-breaking-awards-sweep-11745941

• The Chainsmokers: Stories Behind the Songs, AI’s Impact on Music, and Venture Investing | Uncapped with Jack Altman: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GMSC-2pYnw&list=PLtpH7YnTL8ihy0nR2BV32n5VkRtqlDAS1&index=16

• How to spot a top 1% startup early: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/how-to-spot-a-top-1-startup-early

• David Weiden on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/davidweiden

• Alfred Lin on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/linalfred

• Keith’s post about vertical integration on X: https://x.com/rabois/status/870673635375104000

• Jon Chu on X: https://x.com/jonchu

• Kanu Gulati on X: https://x.com/KanuGulati

• Rogo: https://rogo.ai

• Profound: https://www.tryprofound.com

• Basis: https://www.getbasis.ai

• Spellbook: https://www.spellbook.legal

• Roelof Botha on X: https://x.com/roelofbotha

• Delian Asparouhov on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/delian-asparouhov-87447742

• Lessons From Keith Rabois, Essay 1: How to become a Venture Capitalist: https://delian.io/lessons-1

• Velocity over everything: How Ramp became the fastest-growing SaaS startup of all time | Geoff Charles (VP of Product): https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/velocity-over-everything-how-ramp

• Nuremberg on AppleTV+: https://tv.apple.com/us/movie/nuremberg/umc.cmc.3sg4y0382byupy76bfy7307k4

• Eight Sleep: https://www.eightsleep.com

• “NO DAYS OFF”—Bill Belichick on X: https://x.com/SNFonNBC/status/829036279069364224

—

Recommended books:

• Creativity, Inc.: Overcoming the Unseen Forces That Stand in the Way of True Inspiration: https://www.amazon.com/Creativity-Inc-Overcoming-Unseen-Inspiration/dp/0812993012

• The Jordan Rules: The Inside Story of One Turbulent Season with Michael Jordan and the Chicago Bulls: https://www.amazon.com/Jordan-Rules-Sam-Smith/dp/0671796666

• The Upside of Stress: Why Stress Is Good for You, and How to Get Good at It: https://www.amazon.com/Upside-Stress-Why-Good-You/dp/1101982934

—

Production and marketing by https://penname.co/. For inquiries about sponsoring the podcast, email podcast@lennyrachitsky.com.

—

Lenny may be an investor in the companies discussed.

This episode is a discussion with esteemed New York Times journalist and friend of the pod Chris Clarey about his new biography of Roger Federer, titled ‘The Master’. 

Chris speaks to David about the process of writing the book and what he learned along the way, the several exclusives he’s had with Federer over the years, the 82 interviews he conducted specifically for the book, why the likes of Mirka Federer, Peter Carter and Pierre Paganini have been fundamental to Federer’s success, how Federer has changed over the years, and how his rivalries with Rafael Nadal and Novak Djokovic have shaped him. 

We also get Chris to do a quick-fire Federer round and afterwards David chats to Matt about his impressions of the book. 

You can buy a copy of The Master, here - https://www.amazon.co.uk/Master-Brilliant-Career-Roger-Federer/dp/1529342058/ref=sr_1_1?crid=ABL1O2T8YDE5&dchild=1&keywords=the+master+christopher+clarey&qid=1629812297&sprefix=the+master+chris%2Caps%2C145&sr=8-1

The Tennis Podcast is presented by Catherine Whitaker and David Law, and features Matt Roberts. It is produced weekly year-round, and daily during the Grand Slam tournaments. It is crowdfunded by listeners each December.

SUPPORT THE TENNIS PODCAST

We crowdfund The Tennis Podcast every December, with shout-outs, mascots and chances to take us on at predictions. For a reminder when the next campaign goes live, put your e-mail address in here - http://eepurl.com/gwWILX

Or, if you don’t want to wait and prefer to support us on Patreon - https://www.patreon.com/TheTennisPodcast

NEWSLETTER

Sign up to get our news, offers, predictions and Matt’s Stat - http://eepurl.com/gbmzRX

SOCIAL MEDIA 

Twitter - https://twitter.com/TennisPodcast

Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thetennispodcast/

Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Patrick McEnroe sits down with acclaimed journalist and author Christopher Clarey to explore the legendary career of Roger Federer. Drawing from his book, The Master, Clarey provides a rare look at Federer’s transformation from a "hotheaded" teenager into a global cultural icon.

The duo discusses the "internal mastery" that defined Federer’s game, his legendary rivalries with Rafael Nadal and Novak Djokovic, and the mental resilience hidden beneath his elegant style. Clarey also shares personal insights into the pivotal figures behind Federer’s success, including his wife Mirka and fitness trainer Pierre Paganini. From the heartbreak of the 2019 Wimbledon final to the philosophy of the "unclenched fist," this conversation captures the grit, grace, and vulnerability that made Federer one of the most beloved figures in sports history.

The TennisWorthy Podcast, presented by the International Tennis Hall of Fame, uncovers the sport's history and mindset of champions. Listen to every episode and view transcripts at tennisfame.com/podcast.

The New York Times journalist spent more than two decades chronicling the fantastic career of Roger Federer, and in his book he turns over every rock to find out more about the formative years of the legendary Swiss, so that we may better comprehend what made Federer the player he was.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

What I learned from reading The Master: The Long Run and Beautiful Game of Roger Federer by Chris Clarey.

Episode sponsors:

Ramp⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ gives you everything you need to control spend, watch your costs, and optimize your financial operations —all on a single platform. Make history's greatest entrepreneurs proud ⁠⁠⁠by going to Ramp.com to learn how they can help your business save time and money.⁠⁠⁠ Automate compliance, security, and trust with Vanta.⁠ ⁠⁠⁠Vanta helps you win trust, close deals, and stay secure—faster and with less effort⁠⁠⁠⁠. ⁠⁠⁠Find out how increased security leads to more customers by going to Vanta⁠⁠⁠. Tell them David from Founders sent you and you'll get $1000 off.

When we last spoke to Marco Argenti, chief information officer at Goldman Sachs, we were talking about how the bank was deploying AI, including the development of its own internal tools. But that was a year and a half ago and a lot has changed since then, especially with the arrival of agentic platforms like Claude Code. So what exactly is Goldman Sachs doing with AI now? And what has its experience with the new tech been like so far? On this episode, we catch up with Marco to discuss what AI deployment at the bank actually looks like at the moment — including how AI coding is changing the work of its developers and engineers — to all the data challenges and regulatory concerns that come with integrating this technology at scale.

Subscribe to the Odd Lots Newsletter
Join the conversation: discord.gg/oddlots

See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

People have been asking me to sit on the other side of the mic for a long time. With my wife’s debut children’s book, Charts for Babies, coming out next month, we figured: why not do it together? What followed was one of the most honest conversations I’ve had on this podcast. Michelle asked things no one else would think to ask—and many things I’ve never shared publicly. You’ll hear about the specific moments that pushed me to start the newsletter, how I think about quality and iteration, what most stresses me out, and the scariest moment of my life. This was so fun, and so special, and I hope you like it.

We discuss:

1. The collection of moments that led me to what I do now

2. When I added a paywall, and how I knew it was working

3. The hidden treadmill behind shipping a newsletter post and podcast episode every week

4. The most stressful moments I’ve had in business and in life

5. How I think about stress, consistency, and keeping the business small

—

Pre-order Charts for Babies: https://www.amazon.com/Charts-Babies-Picture-Book/dp/1419785184

—

Brought to you by:

WorkOS—Modern identity platform for B2B SaaS, free up to 1 million MAUs: https://workos.com/lenny

Metaview—The AI platform for recruiting: https://metaview.ai/lenny

DX—The developer intelligence platform designed by leading researchers: https://getdx.com/lenny

—

Episode transcript: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/how-i-built-a-1m-subscriber-newsletter

—

Archive of all Lenny's Podcast transcripts: https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fo/yxi4s2w998p1gvtpu4193/AMdNPR8AOw0lMklwtnC0TrQ?rlkey=j06x0nipoti519e0xgm23zsn9&st=ahz0fj11&dl=0

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Where to find Michelle Rial:

• X: https://x.com/TheRialMichelle

• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/michellerial

• Website: https://www.michellerial.com

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Where to find Lenny:

• Newsletter: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com

• X: https://twitter.com/lennysan

• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lennyrachitsky/

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In this episode, we cover:

(00:00) Introduction and role reversal

(04:06) What would Lenny be doing without the newsletter?

(07:20) The moments that led to starting the newsletter

(09:58) Does Lenny still enjoy the work?

(12:42) Stress management and misophonia

(14:00) The psychedelic trip that changed everything

(15:45) Online happiness course and baseline optimization

(17:30) Thunder round: Lenny’s misophonia worst sounds

(20:20) What makes Michelle’s charts so shareable

(23:55) Where chart ideas come from (and why meditation helps)

(26:59) Where does “Lenny” come from?

(28:54) Being recognized in public

(31:24) Early projects

(36:30) Michelle and Lenny’s yin and yang

(37:49) Missing office culture (but not really)

(39:37) Lenny’s face blindness

(40:47) The $100M fraud attack story

(42:50) Michelle’s childbirth emergency

(47:22) Michelle’s creative process

(51:58) Lenny’s favorite children’s books

(54:00) Product management lessons in parenting

(55:31) Defining product management in five words

(58:23) Why Michelle pivoted to children’s books

(01:01:30) The power of iteration and real experience

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Resources and episode mentions: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/how-i-built-a-1m-subscriber-newsletter

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Production and marketing by https://penname.co/. For inquiries about sponsoring the podcast, email podcast@lennyrachitsky.com.

Claire Vo is the host of our sister podcast, “How I AI,” a former product executive and engineer, and founder of an AI startup called ChatPRD. Claire now runs her business, podcast, and family life with the help of nine OpenClaw agents running on multiple Mac Minis and old laptops. In this episode, Claire shares her journey from OpenClaw skeptic (it deleted her family calendar the first time she tried it) to true believer, and gives a masterclass in using AI agents in real life.

We discuss:

1. The exact step-by-step process to install and set up OpenClaw (it’s easier than you think)

2. How to avoid the biggest OpenClaw mistakes (don’t install it on your main computer)

3. Actual use cases that have changed Claire’s life (e.g. family scheduling, inbound sales, podcast prep, and course management)

4. Why multiple specialized agents beat one general-purpose agent

5. The security risks everyone worries about—and how to handle them

6. Browser limitations, memory issues, and practical workarounds

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Brought to you by:

Mercury—Radically different banking

Omni—AI analytics your customers can trust

Orkes—The enterprise platform for reliable applications and agentic workflows

—

Where to find Claire Vo:

• X: https://x.com/clairevo

• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/clairevo

• Podcast: https://www.youtube.com/@howiaipodcast

• Website: https://clairevo.com

• ChatPRD: https://www.chatprd.ai

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Where to find Lenny:

• Newsletter: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com

• X: https://twitter.com/lennysan

• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lennyrachitsky/

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In this episode, we cover:

(00:00) Introduction to Claire and OpenClaw

(08:00) The journey from OpenClaw skeptic to believer

(11:50) What OpenClaw actually does that’s useful

(13:35) OpenClaw vs. other AI agent products

(17:05) How to actually install OpenClaw: the basics

(18:49) Setting up like you’d onboard a real assistant

(20:41) Security and privacy considerations

(24:53) Live demo: Installing OpenClaw step-by-step

(28:47) Setting up Q: an agent for her kids’ homework

(34:08) Understanding “soul,” “identity,” and “memory”

(40:40) The unlock: multiple agents, not just one

(45:02) How to run multiple agents on one machine

(47:28) Jesse Genet’s homeschooling use case

(49:58) Real examples and use cases

(56:41) Finn, Claire’s family agent

(1:00:05) Sage the Course Bot

(1:02:15) Common issues and workarounds

(1:08:08) The Exa/Perplexity web search workaround

(1:09:29) Memory management and context overload

(1:12:09) Pro tip: Screen sharing to manage Mac Minis

(1:14:18) Using Google Workspace for agent collaboration

(1:16:24) What makes OpenClaw special

(1:20:15) The “yappers API” and ramble mode

(1:22:04) Using Claude Code as your OpenClaw brain surgeon

(1:25:16) Bringing management skills to AI agents

(1:29:32) Why this matters

(1:32:37) Lightning round and final thoughts

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Referenced:

• OpenClaw: https://openclaw.ai

• Claude Cowork: https://claude.com/product/cowork

• Fry’s Electronics: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fry%27s_Electronics

• Peter Steinberger on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/steipete

• Telegram: https://telegram.org

• WhatsApp: https://www.whatsapp.com

• Fin: https://fin.ai

• Why OpenClaw feels alive even though it’s not (this AI has a heartbeat but not a brain): https://x.com/clairevo/status/2017741569521271175

• 5 OpenClaw agents run my home, finances, and code | Jesse Genet: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=96Vl8s3EQhk

• Executive Playbook for AI in Engineering, Product, and Design: https://maven.com/clairevo/ai-native-epd-org

• Zach Davis on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/zach-m-davis/

• ChatGPT Atlas: https://chatgpt.com/atlas

• Perplexity Comet: https://www.perplexity.ai/comet

• Browser (OpenClaw-managed): https://docs.openclaw.ai/tools/browser

• Buffer: https://buffer.com

• Brave: https://brave.com/search/api/

• Exa: https://exa.ai

• Hilary Gridley on X: https://x.com/yourgirlhils

• How to become a supermanager with AI: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/how-to-become-a-supermanager-with

• How custom GPTs can make you a better manager | Hilary Gridley (Head of Core Product at Whoop): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xDMkkOC-EhI

• How to debug a team that isn’t working: the Waterline Model: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/how-to-debug-a-team-that-isnt-working

• Jensen Huang on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/jenhsunhuang

• How I built a 1M+ subscriber newsletter and top 10 tech podcast | Lenny Rachitsky: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/how-i-built-a-1m-subscriber-newsletter

• Age of Attraction on Netflix: https://www.netflix.com/title/81779095

• Oura Ring: https://ouraring.com/

• Eight Sleep: https://www.eightsleep.com

• Hoopsalytics: https://hoopsalytics.com

• DJI Osmo smartphone gimbal: https://www.amazon.com/DJI-Stabilizer-Tracking-Extension-Stabilization/dp/B0FJ2L67HJ?ref_=ast_sto_dp

• Silent basketball: https://www.amazon.com/Rzkipdy-Silent-Basketball-Size-27-5/dp/B0FHFSQWPP/ref=sr_1_9

• Marc Andreessen: The real AI boom hasn’t even started yet: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/marc-andreessen-the-real-ai-boom

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Recommended books:

• Treasure Island: https://www.amazon.com/Treasure-Island-Robert-Louis-Stevenson/dp/1505297400

• Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland: https://www.amazon.com/Alices-Adventures-Wonderland-Illustrated-Illustrations/dp/991673268X

• Charts for Babies: A Picture Book: https://www.amazon.com/Charts-Babies-Picture-Book/dp/1419785184

—

Production and marketing by https://penname.co/. For inquiries about sponsoring the podcast, email podcast@lennyrachitsky.com.

—

Lenny may be an investor in the companies discussed.

Dario Amodei thinks we are just a few years away from AGI — or as he puts it, from having “a country of geniuses in a data center”. In this episode, we discuss what to make of the scaling hypothesis in the current RL regime, why task-specific RL might lead to generalization, and how AI will diffuse throughout the economy. We also dive into Anthropic’s revenue projections, compute commitments, path to profitability, and more.

Watch on YouTube; read the transcript.

Sponsors

* Labelbox can get you the RL tasks and environments you need. Their massive network of subject-matter experts ensures realism across domains, and their in-house tooling lets them continuously tweak task difficulty to optimize learning. Reach out at labelbox.com/dwarkesh.

* Jane Street sent me another puzzle… this time, they’ve trained backdoors into 3 different language models — they want you to find the triggers. Jane Street isn’t even sure this is possible, but they’ve set aside $50,000 for the best attempts and write-ups. They’re accepting submissions until April 1st at janestreet.com/dwarkesh.

* Mercury’s personal accounts make it easy to share finances with a partner, a roommate… or OpenClaw. Last week, I wanted to try OpenClaw for myself, so I used Mercury to spin up a virtual debit card with a small spend limit, and then I let my agent loose. No matter your use case, apply at mercury.com/personal-banking.

Timestamps

(00:00:00) - What exactly are we scaling?

(00:12:36) - Is diffusion cope?

(00:29:42) - Is continual learning necessary?

(00:46:20) - If AGI is imminent, why not buy more compute?

(00:58:49) - How will AI labs actually make profit?

(01:31:19) - Will regulations destroy the boons of AGI?

(01:47:41) - Why can’t China and America both have a country of geniuses in a datacenter?

Renaissance history is so much wilder and weirder than you would have expected. Very fun chatting with Ada Palmer (historian, novelist, and composer based at the University of Chicago).

Some especially fascinating things I learned from the conversation and her excellent book, Inventing the Renaissance:

Not only did Gutenberg go bankrupt in the 1450s (after inventing the printing press), but so did the bank that foreclosed on him, and so did his apprentices. This is because paper was still very expensive, and so you had to make this big upfront CAPEX decision to print a batch of 300 copies of a book - say the Bible. But he’s in a small landlocked German town where only priests are allowed to read the Bible - so he sells maybe 7 copies. It’s only when this technology ends up in Venice, where you can hand 10 copies to each of 30 ship captains going to 30 different cities, that it starts taking off.

Speaking of which, the printing revolution wasn’t just one single discrete event, just as the computer revolution has been this whole century of going from mainframes -> personal computers -> phones -> social media, each with different and accelerating social impact. Books came first, but they’re slow to print, and made in small batches. The real revolution is pamphlets - much faster, much harder to censor. Pamphlet runners are how you can have Luther’s 95 Theses go from Wittenberg to London in 17 days.

So much other wild stuff from this episode. For example, did you know that the largest and best-funded experimental laboratory in 17th century Europe was very likely the Roman one run by inquisitors? Ada jokes that the Inquisition accidentally invented peer review. The focus of the Inquisition is really misunderstood - it was obsessed with catching dangerous new heretics like Lutherans and Calvinists - it only executed one person for doing science.

And this leads Ada to make an observation that I think is really wise: the authorities and censors are always worried about the exact wrong things given 20/20 hindsight. When Inquisition raids an underground bookshop during the French Enlightenment, they don’t mind the Rousseau, Voltaire, and Encyclopédie, but they lose their minds about some Jansenist treatises about the technical nature of the Trinity.

More broadly, a lesson for me from this episode is that it’s just really hard to shape history in the specific way that you want to impact things. One of the most famous medieval scholars is this guy Petrarch. He survives the Black Death in the 1340s, watches his friends die to plague and bandits, and says: our leaders are selfish and terrible, we need to raise them on the Roman classics so they’ll act like Cicero. So Europe pours money into finding ancient manuscripts, building libraries, and educating princes on classical virtues. Those princes grow up and fight bigger, nastier wars than ever before with new deadlier technology. And this, combined with greater urbanization and endemic plague, results in European life expectancy decreasing from 35 in the medieval period to 18 during the Renaissance (the period which we in retrospect think of as a golden age but which many people living through it thought of as the continuation of the dark ages that had persisted since the fall of Rome).

Anyways, the libraries Petrarch inspires stick around, the printing press makes them accessible to everyone, and 200 years later a generation of medical students is reading Lucretius and asking “what if there are atoms and that’s how diseases work?” which eventually leads to germ theory, vaccines, and a cure for the Black Death (Ada has longer more involved explanation of how cosplaying the Romans results through a series of many steps to the scientific revolution). Petrarch wanted to produce philosopher-kings that shared his values. Instead he created a world that doesn’t share his values at all but can cure the disease that destroyed his.

Watch on YouTube; read the transcript.

Sponsors

* Jane Street is still waiting on someone to solve their backdoor puzzle… They’re accepting submissions until April 1st and have set aside $50,000 for the best attempts. Separately, applications are live for Jane Street’s summer ML internships in NY, London, and Hong Kong. Go check all of this out at janestreet.com/dwarkesh.

* Labelbox can help ensure your agents don’t need to rely on overspecified prompts. They tailor real-world scenarios to whatever domain you’re focused on, and they make sure the data you train on rewards real understanding, not just instruction-following. Learn more at labelbox.com/dwarkesh

* Mercury’s personal accounts let you add users, issue cards, and customize permissions. This is super useful for sharing finances with a partner, a roommate… or even an OpenClaw agent. And, if you’re already a Mercury Business user, your personal account is free! See terms and conditions below, and learn more at mercury.com/personal-banking

Eligible Mercury Business users who apply for and maintain a Mercury Personal account may have their Mercury Personal subscription fee waived provided they remain a user on an active Mercury Business account in good standing. Standard Mercury Platform Subscription fees will apply if they no longer meet eligibility requirements, including but not limited to no longer being associated with an eligible Mercury Business account, or if the program is modified or terminated. Mercury may modify or discontinue this offering at any time and will provide notice as required by law. See Subscription Terms for full details.

* To sponsor a future episode, visit dwarkesh.com/advertise.

Timestamps

(00:00:00) - How cosplaying Ancient Rome led to the Renaissance

(00:28:49) - How Florence’s weird republic worked

(00:38:13) - How the Medicis took over Florence

(00:58:12) - Why it was so hard for Gutenberg to make any money off the printing press

(01:17:34) - Why the industrial revolution didn’t happen in Italy

(01:23:02) - The Library of Alexandria isn’t where most ancient books were lost

(01:41:21) - The Inquisition accidentally invented peer review

We begin the episode with the absolutely ingenious and surprising way in which Kepler discovered the laws of planetary motion.

People sometimes say that AI will make especially fast progress at scientific discovery because of tight verification loops.

But the story of how we discovered the shape of our solar system shows how the verification loop for correct ideas can be decades (or even millennia) long.

During this time, what we know today as the better theory can actually make worse predictions.

And the reasons it survives this epistemic hell is some mixture of judgment and heuristics that we don’t even understand well enough to actually articulate, much less codify into an RL loop. Hope you enjoy!

Watch on YouTube; read the transcript.

Sponsors

- Jane Street loves challenging my audience with different creative puzzles. One of my listeners, Shawn, solved Jane Street’s ResNet challenge and posted a great walk-through on X. If you want to try one of these puzzles yourself, there’s one live now at janestreet.com/dwarkesh.

- Labelbox can get you rubric-based evals, no matter your domain. These rubrics allow you to give your model feedback on all the dimensions you care about, so you can train how it thinks, not just what it thinks. Whatever you’re focused on—math, physics, finance, psychology or something else—Labelbox can help. Learn more at labelbox.com/dwarkesh.

- Mercury just released a new feature called Insights. Insights summarizes your money in and out, showing you your biggest transactions and calling out anything worth paying attention to. It’s a super low-friction way to stay on top of your business. Learn more at mercury.com/insights.

Timestamps

(00:00:00) – Kepler was a high temperature LLM

(00:11:44) – How would we know if there’s a new unifying concept within heaps of AI slop?

(00:26:10) – The deductive overhang

(00:30:31) – Selection bias in reported AI discoveries

(00:46:43) – AI makes papers richer and broader, but not deeper

(00:53:00) – If AI solves a problem, can humans get understanding out of it?

(00:59:20) – We need a semi-formal language for the way that scientists actually talk to each other

(01:09:48) – How Terry uses his time

(01:17:05) – Human-AI hybrids will dominate math for a lot longer

Brit Award- and Mercury Prize-nominated musician and rapper Kojey Radical is in the Dream Restaurant this week. But he’d rather be watching Spanish reality TV…

Kojey Radical plays a massive show at London’s Royal Albert Hall on 20 May. For tickets go to royalalberthall.com

Follow Kojey on Instagram and TikTok @kojeyradical

Watch the video version of this episode on the Off Menu YouTube on Thu 19 Mar.

Off Menu is now on YouTube: @offmenupodcast

Follow Off Menu on Instagram and TikTok: @offmenuofficial.

And go to our website www.offmenupodcast.co.uk for a list of restaurants recommended on the show.

Off Menu is a comedy podcast hosted by Ed Gamble and James Acaster.

Produced, recorded and edited by Ben Williams for Plosive.

Video production by Ben Williams and Megan McCarthy for Plosive.

Artwork by Paul Gilbey (photography and design).

Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Award-winning cook and food writer Ixta Belfrage – author of ‘Mezcla’ and new book ‘FUSÃO’ – is this week’s Dream Restaurant guest. Did someone mention Prawn Lasagne?

Ixta Belfrage’s new book ‘FUSÃO’ is out now - buy it here.

Her previous book ‘Mezcla’ is available here.

Follow Ixta on Instagram @ixta.belfrage

Watch the video version of this episode on the Off Menu YouTube on Thu 26 Mar.

Off Menu is now on YouTube: @offmenupodcast

Follow Off Menu on Instagram and TikTok: @offmenuofficial.

And go to our website www.offmenupodcast.co.uk for a list of restaurants recommended on the show.

Off Menu is a comedy podcast hosted by Ed Gamble and James Acaster.

Produced, recorded and edited by Ben Williams for Plosive.

Video production by Ben Williams and Megan McCarthy for Plosive.

Artwork by Paul Gilbey (photography and design).

Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Notion isn’t designing AI agents that just use tools. Their agents can autonomously build their own integrations, as well as write the code needed to finish a task. Sarah Guo sits down with Notion Co-Founder Simon Last to explore Notion’s rapid evolution from a simple writing assistant to a sophisticated platform for custom AI agents. Simon discusses the technical hurdles of indexing disparate data from sources like Slack and Google Drive, as well as the internal shift toward using coding agents to build Notion itself. Plus, Simon elaborates on what he sees as a fundamental transition in productivity: moving from a tool where humans do the work, to one where humans manage a swarm of agents.

Sign up for new podcasts every week. Email feedback to show@no-priors.com

Follow us on Twitter: @NoPriorsPod | @Saranormous | @EladGil | @simonlast | @NotionHQ

Chapters:

00:00 – Cold Open

00:05 – Simon Last Introduction

00:26 – Genesis of Notion AI

04:10 – Challenge of Semantic Indexing and Retrieval

07:16 – The Six-Month Rewrite Cycle

08:12 – Notion’s Coding Agent Era

09:44 – Impact on Team Dynamics

12:49 – Launching Custom Agents

15:39 – Notion as the ‘Switzerland’ for Models

17:33 – Designing APIs for Agent Customers

20:09 – Simon’s Personal Agentic Workflows

24:48 – Notion: Tool for Work is Now A Tool for Agents

27:28 – How Building Has Changed for Simon

29:00 – Conclusion

Brought to You By:

• Statsig — ⁠ The unified platform for flags, analytics, experiments, and more.

• Sonar – The makers of SonarQube, the industry standard for automated code review

• WorkOS – Everything you need to make your app enterprise ready.

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Every few decades, software engineering is declared “dead” or on the verge of being automated away. We’ve heard versions of this story before. But what if it’s just the start of a new “golden age” of a different type of software engineering, like it has been many times before?

In this episode of The Pragmatic Engineer, I’m joined once again by Grady Booch, one of the most influential figures in the history of software engineering, to put today’s claims about AI and automation into historical context.

Grady is the co-creator of the Unified Modeling Language, author of several books and papers that have shaped modern software development, and Chief Scientist for Software Engineering at IBM, where he focuses on embodied cognition.

Grady shares his perspective on three golden ages of computing since the 1940s, and how each emerged in response to the constraints of its time. He explains how technical limits and human factors have always shaped the systems we build, and why periods of rapid change tend to produce both real progress and inflated expectations.

He also responds to current claims that software engineering will soon be fully automated, explaining why systems thinking, human judgment, and responsibility remain central to the work, even as tools continue to evolve.

—

Timestamps

(00:00) Intro

(01:04) The first golden age of software engineering

(18:05) The software crisis

(32:07) The second golden age of software engineering 

(41:27) Y2K and the Dotcom crash 

(44:53) Early AI 

(46:40) The third golden age of software engineering 

(50:54) Why software engineers will very much be needed

(57:52) Grady responds to Dario Amodei

(1:06:00) New skills engineers will need to succeed

(1:09:10) Resources for studying complex systems 

(1:13:39) How to thrive during periods of change

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The Pragmatic Engineer deepdives relevant for this episode:

• When AI writes almost all code, what happens to software engineering? 

• Inside a five-year-old startup’s rapid AI makeover

• Software architecture with Grady Booch

• What is old is new again

—

Production and marketing by ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://penname.co/⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠. For inquiries about sponsoring the podcast, email podcast@pragmaticengineer.com.

Brought to You By:

• Statsig — ⁠ The unified platform for flags, analytics, experiments, and more.

• Sonar – The makers of SonarQube, the industry standard for automated code review

• WorkOS – Everything you need to make your app enterprise ready.

—

Boris Cherny is the creator and Head of Claude Code at Anthropic. He previously spent five years at Meta as a Principal Engineer and is the author of the book Programming TypeScript.

In this episode of Pragmatic Engineer, we went through how Claude Code was built and what it means when engineers no longer write most of the code themselves.

We discuss how Claude Code evolved from a side project into a core internal tool at Anthropic and how Boris uses it day-to-day. We go deep into workflow details, including parallel agents, PR structure, deterministic review patterns, and how the system retrieves context from large codebases. We also get into how Claude Cowork was built.

As coding becomes more accessible, the role of engineers shifts rather than shrinks. We examine what that shift means in practice, which skills become more important, and why the lines between product, engineering, and design are blurring.

—

Timestamps

(00:00) Intro

(11:15) Lessons from Meta

(19:46) Joining Anthropic

(23:08) The origins of Claude Code

(32:55) Boris's Claude Code workflow

(36:27) Parallel agents

(40:25) Code reviews

(47:18) Claude Code's architecture

(52:38) Permissions and sandboxing

(55:05) Engineering culture at Anthropic

(1:05:15) Claude Cowork

(1:12:48) Observability and privacy

(1:14:45) Agent swarms

(1:21:16) LLMs and the printing press analogy

(1:30:16) Standout engineer archetypes

(1:32:12) What skills still matter for engineers

(1:35:24) Book recommendations

—

The Pragmatic Engineer deepdives relevant for this episode:

• How Claude Code is built

• How Anthropic built Artifacts

• How Codex is built

• Real-world engineering challenges: building Cursor

—

Production and marketing by ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://penname.co/⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠. For inquiries about sponsoring the podcast, email podcast@pragmaticengineer.com.

Brought to You By:

• Statsig — ⁠ The unified platform for flags, analytics, experiments, and more.

• Sonar – The makers of SonarQube, the industry standard for automated code review

• WorkOS – Everything you need to make your app enterprise ready.

—

How has the day-to-day workflow of Mitchell Hashimoto changed, thanks to AI tools?

Mitchell Hashimoto is one of the most influential infrastructure engineers of our time, and is one of the most pragmatic builders I’ve met. He is the co-founder of HashiCorp and creator of Ghostty. In this episode, we talk about how he got into software engineering, the history of HashiCorp, and the challenges of turning widely used open-source tools into a durable business. We also go into what it’s really like to work with AWS, Azure and GCP as a startup.

Mitchell shares how he uses AI these days, and how agents have completely changed how he works. We touch on Ghostty, open source, and what’s changing for software engineers and founders in an AI-native era.

—

Timestamps

(00:00) Intro

(02:03) Mitchell’s path into software engineering

(07:19) The origins of HashiCorp

(15:52) Early cloud computing

(18:22) The 2010s startup scene in SF

(23:11) Funding HashiCorp

(25:23) The Hashi stack

(32:33) Why HashiCorp’s business lagged behind its technology

(35:28) An early failure in commercialization

(38:28) The open-core pivot and path to enterprise profitability

(48:08) Taking HashiCorp public

(51:58) The near VMware acquisition

(59:10) Mitchell’s take on all the cloud providers

(1:06:02) AI’s impact on open source

(1:07:00) Why Mitchell built Ghostty

(1:09:11) Why Mitchell used Zig

(1:10:38) How terminals work and Ghostty’s approach

(1:17:31) AI’s impact on terminals and libghostty

(1:19:13) How Mitchell uses AI

(1:22:02) Ghostty’s evolving AI use policy

(1:28:36) Why open source must change

(1:31:46) The problem of Git in monorepos

(1:36:22) What needs to change to work effectively with AI

(1:39:57) Mitchell’s hiring practices

(1:47:52) Mitchell’s AI adoption journey

(1:50:41) Advice to would-be founders

(1:52:21) Mitchell’s advising work

(1:53:20) What’s changing for software engineers

(1:55:03) How Mitchell recharges

(1:55:50) Book recommendation

—

The Pragmatic Engineer deepdives relevant for this episode:

• AI Engineering in the real world

• The AI Engineering stack

• Pressure on commercial open source to make more money – and HashiCorp changing its license

• How Linux is built with Greg Kroah-Hartman

—

Production and marketing by ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://penname.co/⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠. For inquiries about sponsoring the podcast, email podcast@pragmaticengineer.com.

It is astonishing to me that we went from the first powered flight of a few hundred feet in 1903 to attempting to fly the Atlantic in 1919. 

The Daily Mail had offered a prize of £10,000 to cross the Atlantic. The pilots called it the Big Hop. Nowadays we think nothing of it but back then they had open cockpits, primitive navigation tools, unreliable weather forecasting and many other problems. This was right on the edge of what was possible at the time. And not always on the right edge!

We talked about:

- the wonderful Hilda Hewlett, a pioneer of British aviation

- how WW1 affected the competition (and the competitors)

- Alcock and Brown and the runners up

- how to keep calm (in your lounge suit) and carry on, even as death is racing to meet you.

It is a wonderful story and David is wonderful storyteller!

Lyndal Roper, Regius Professor of History at Oxford University is on excellent form to talk me through the German Peasant's War of 1524-25. Things I learned:

- take Martin Luther seriously (but not literally)

- monasteries feed the poor and needy (particularly when they are armed and extremely determined)

- the scale of the revolt was off the charts, nothing like it until the French Revolution

- the East German State celebrated its revolutionary past with a mural of the war which needs to be on everyone's 'must see' list (only to collapse a few months later!

All in all this is a terrific and thought provoking episode. The role of Luther in all this surprised me greatly. 

Lyndal's book Summer of Fire and Blood is here.

If you enjoy the conversation then please follow the show, share it with a friend and leave a review!

We ended last week’s episode on a bit of a cliffhanger: is salt actually bad for us and if so, why does there still seem to be a debate? This week’s episode holds all the answers. We’re sifting through the noise to figure out what salt actually does in our bodies, how it might impact our health, and why we crave this delicious substance. If you’ve ever wondered how we’ve arrived at the maximum daily sodium intake (2300 mg for adults) and why salt impacts blood pressure, then this is the episode for you!

Support this podcast by shopping our latest sponsor deals and promotions at this link: https://bit.ly/3WwtIAu

See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Have you ever thrown a pinch of spilled salt over your left shoulder? Or said to someone “well, take his opinion with a grain of salt”? Or looked up the potential salary of a job listing? Salt is so deeply embedded in our cultures, our languages, our history as a species that we often take its influence for granted. We may forget (or perhaps we never knew) how much history is held within the unassuming yet ubiquitous salt shaker. In the first installment of this two-parter on everyone’s favorite seasoning, we delve deep into some salt lore. When did humans start to ramp up their salt intake? Why was salt such a big deal? Which places are named for salt? When did we start worrying about how much sodium we were eating? Tune in for a fun, fact-filled episode that’ll forever change the way you think about salt.

Support this podcast by shopping our latest sponsor deals and promotions at this link: https://bit.ly/3WwtIAu

See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The Cobra is in London with Dominic Ingle to talk “Giant” — a biopic about his father and legendary trainer Brendan Ingle, and of course, Prince Naseem Hamed.Dom and Carl also dive into the latest boxing news and debate whether the sport is facing a talent problem with the next generation of stars.

The Cobra sits down with Prince Naseem Hamed to talk about Giant - film based on Naz’s life and his legendary partnership with trainer Brendan Ingle.Carl also opens up about the profound personal impact Naz had on his own career, making this a heartfelt and honest conversation between two boxing icons.

Carl Froch sits down with Dave Allen ahead of his fight with Arslanbek Makhmudov. Business: frochonfighting@gmail.com#carlfroch #boxing #sports #daveallen

Wes and Scott talk with Armin Ronacher and Mario Zechner about PI, a minimalist agent harness powering tools like OpenClaw. They unpack why Bash is “all you need,” the risks of agents, workflow adaptability, and where AI coding agents are actually headed.

Show Notes

• 00:00 Welcome to Syntax!
• 03:28 What is Pi, and why does it matter?
  • OpenClaw
• 05:54 What do we actually mean by “agents”?
• 11:04 Prompt injection: how LLMs get tricked
• 14:19 Is Claude Cowork actually secure?
• 22:01 How Armin and Mario use agents day to day
• 26:37 Brought to you by Sentry.io
• 27:25 Memory and search: teaching agents to remember
• 33:04 Do coding agents even need memory?
• 34:36 “Bash is all you need”
• 37:21 Adding power: how agents learn new tricks
• 47:02 Tools and models Armin and Mario are using right now
• 54:15 Sick picks + shameless plugs

Sick Picks

• Mario: Cards for Ukraine
• Armin: Pro-Ject Audio Turntable

Shameless Plugs

• Armin:
  • Thorsten Ball Newsletter
  • Simon Willison

Hit us up on Socials!

Syntax: X Instagram Tiktok LinkedIn Threads

Wes: X Instagram Tiktok LinkedIn Threads

Scott: X Instagram Tiktok LinkedIn Threads

Randy: X Instagram YouTube Threads

In this episode Professor Ed Watts and I look at the brilliant career and sad life of the Emperor Tiberius. We try to understand how this most capable and intelligent man came to be seen by history as one of the most monstrous of the Roman emperors.

In researching for the podcast I came across a really stirring defence of Tiberius in the shape of a monograph by Norman Douglas. On looking into who Norman Douglas was I discovered that he was a great literary figure of the first half of the 20th century. He was also an open paedophile and quite possibly child rapist. In short some of the crimes Tiberius himself was accused of. Here is an article about the man by Rachel Hope Cleves which I found interesting and unsettling in equal measure. 

Regardless, I think Ed makes a good case for considering Tiberius to have been a good emperor but broken by age, family tragedy and an impossibly demanding stepfather.

The story of the Opium War is one of history's most consequential yet widely misunderstood conflicts. Professor Stephen Platt joined me to unravel the fascinating web of events that led Britain and China into a collision that would reshape Asia and the global balance of power for centuries to come.

Far from being a simple tale of drug dealers backed by imperial force, Stephen reveals cultural misunderstandings, diplomatic failures, and economic pressures eventually converging with devastating consequences. We talked about the Canton trading system where all Western trade was restricted to a tiny compound "smaller than the footprint of one of the pyramids in Egypt," and how Britain's insatiable appetite for tea created a massive trade imbalance that would eventually be filled by opium.

The conversation takes us through extraordinary attempts at cross-cultural communication, from James Flint (the only Englishman alive who could speak Chinese in 1759) to the disastrous McCartney Embassy where diplomatic relations collapsed over the kowtow ritual. Stephen explained how a panicking British captain effectively made Queen Victoria "the largest holder of opium in the world" by buying merchants' illegal drugs on the government's behalf - a fateful decision that created the legal pretext for war.

Perhaps most surprising is how fiercely contested this war was within Britain itself, with Parliament nearly voting to end the conflict by a margin of just five votes. The Times of London coined the term "Opium War" specifically to shame the government for fighting on behalf of drug dealers.

Join us for this exploration of a pivotal moment when two civilizations, each convinced of their own superiority, failed to understand one another with consequences that continue to echo in our time.

Stephen's book Imperial Twilight concentrates on the causes of the war more than the war itself. And in particular the people at the heart of it all. Utterly brilliant stuff.

The ever excellent Professor David Parnell (of Belisarius and Antonina fame) came on to talk about the First Crusade. And given his interest in the Eastern Roman Empire we spent a lot of time talking about it from that angle.  When Emperor Alexius I found his thousand-year-old empire crumbling under Turkish advances in the late 11th century, he asked the West for help. He got more than he could have expected!

What followed was extraordinary. Pope Urban II's call at the Council of Clermont in 1095 unleashed an avalanche of armed pilgrims, knights, and nobles who descended upon Constantinople with a mixture of religious zeal and worldly ambition. From this magnificent but now vulnerable city Alexius faced the delicate task of channeling this unpredictable Western force toward his enemies while maintaining control over his own destiny.

We started by talking about the history written by Alexius's daughter Anna Komnene (the first long-form narrative by any European woman) who was at pains to show the brilliance of her father. We followed the crusade to Antioch and talked about Alexius's fateful decision not to come to the aid of the crusade when it most needed him. A decision that would eventually bear bitter fruit in the catastrophic Fourth Crusade a century later.

The Byzantine perspective on the First Crusade reveals a sophisticated diplomatic dance that initially saved the empire, restoring significant territories and ushering in a period of stability known as the Komnenian Restoration. Yet it also set in motion forces that would eventually contribute to Constantinople's downfall. 

we're joined by Short Stuff's Natalia Albin and Julia Black Jackson to chat about this year's BAFTA nominated short films. spoiler alert - they're SICK

films

animated

Two Black Boys in Paradise by Baz Sells

Cardboard by Jean-Philippe Vine

Solstice by Luke Angus

british short

Terence by Edem Kelman

Nostalgie by Kathryn Ferguson

Welcome Home Freckles by Huiju Park

This is Endometriosis by Georgie Wileman and Matt Houghton

Magid/Zafar by Luis Hindman

Short Stuff is a magazine that aims to lavish short film with the love, dedication and analysis it deserves, giving shorts the same type and depth of coverage as features. check them out here

you can find Natalia, Julia and Carrie on instagram.

follow CHERRYPICK and join us at one of our events!

Ben Thompson, the internet’s premier tech analyst, joins John for a wide-ranging conversation on the mechanics of the internet economy. They discuss the origins of Stratechery and the "1,000 true fans" model, why Taiwan is the most convenient place to live (and the best Uber Eats market), and why the public markets are wrong to think SaaS is "canceled." Ben also explains why the US failure to control the TikTok algorithm is a disaster, why he’s a "crypto defender" in an age of infinite AI content, and gives John some very direct feedback on Stripe’s ACH implementation.

Timestamps

(00:00:20) Visiting Taiwan

(00:04:59) Aggregation and AI

(00:23:53) TikTok/Bytedance

(00:29:58) Aggregation and AI redux

(00:35:31) Agentic commerce

(00:45:08) Is SaaS canceled?

(00:52:21) Stratechery

(01:03:36) How Ben uses AI

(01:06:06) The TSMC break

(01:13:53) Rapid fire

(01:20:53) Feedback on Stripe

In this penultimate bonus episode, Evgeny delivers a mini-lecture on what made Brodey and Johnson's approach to technology so unique. Their original perspective is still surprisingly relevant.

Peter is the creator of OpenClaw (formerly Molt - the name keeps changing 😅), the hottest AI right now with 2M visitors in a week. In our interview, Peter shared is personal favorite use cases including using Claw to check in to flights, control his home, and more. We also talked about his hot takes such as no plan mode or MCPs.

Peter and I talked about:

(00:00) “It’s like having a new weird friend that lives on your computer”

(03:43) “It sent me a voice message but I never set that up”

(09:04) How to install OpenClaw in one line

(14:53) “It watched my security camera all night and found this”

(16:07) Using OpenClaw to check in flights, change lights, and adjust his bed

(19:42) Why 80% of your phone apps will disappear

(22:20) Peter’s AI coding hot takes: No plan mode, MCPs suck, and more

(36:56) The way to learn AI is to play

Thanks to our sponsors:

Linear: The AI agent platform for modern teams https://linear.app/behind-the-craft

Granola: The AI meeting notes app that saves you hours. granola.ai/peter

Replit: From 0 to full stack app in 2 min https://replit.com/?utm_source=creator&utm_medium=organic&utm_campaign=creator_program&utm_content=peteryang

📌 Get the takeaways: https://creatoreconomy.so/p/how-openclaws-creator-uses-ai-peter-steinbergerWhere to find Peter:

X: https://x.com/steipete

Website: https://openclaw.ai/

Subscribe to this channel - more tutorials coming soon!

Brought to You By:

• Statsig — ⁠ The unified platform for flags, analytics, experiments, and more.

• Sonar – The makers of SonarQube, the industry standard for automated code review

• WorkOS – Everything you need to make your app enterprise ready.

—

Peter Steinberger ships more code than I’ve seen a single person do: in January, he was at more than 6,600 commits alone. As he puts it: “From the commits, it might appear like it's a company. But it’s not. This is one dude sitting at home having fun."

How does he do it?

Peter Steinberger is the creator of Clawdbot (as of yesterday: renamed to Moltbot) and founder of PSPDFKit. Moltbot – a work-in-progress AI agent that shows what the future of Siri could be like – is currently the hottest AI project in the tech industry, with more searches on Google than Claude Code or Codex. I sat down with Peter in London to talk about what building software looks like when you go all-in with AI tools like Claude and Codex.

Peter’s background is fascinating. He built and scaled PSPDFKit into a global developer tools business. Then, after a three-year break, he returned to building. This time, LLMs and AI agents sit at the center of his workflow. We discuss what changes when one person can operate like a team and why closing the loop between code, tests, and feedback becomes a prerequisite for working effectively with AI.

We also go into how engineering judgment shifts with AI, how testing and planning evolve when agents are involved, and which skills and habits are needed to work effectively. This is a grounded conversation about real workflows and real tradeoffs, and about designing systems that can test and improve themselves.

—

Timestamps

(00:00) Intro

(01:07) How Peter got into tech 

(08:27) PSPDFKit

(19:14) PSPDFKit’s tech stack and culture

(22:33) Enterprise pricing

(29:42) Burnout 

(34:54) Peter finding his spark again

(43:02) Peter’s workflow 

(49:10) Managing agents 

(54:08) Agentic engineering

(59:01) Testing and debugging 

(1:03:49) Why devs struggle with LLM coding

(1:07:20) How PSPDFkit would look if built today 

(1:11:10) How planning has changed with AI 

(1:21:14) Building Clawdbot (now: Moltbot)

(1:34:22) AI’s impact on large companies

(1:38:38) “I don’t care about CI”

(1:40:01) Peter’s process for new features 

(1:44:48) Advice for new grads

(1:50:18) Rapid fire round

—

The Pragmatic Engineer deepdives relevant for this episode:

• Inside a five-year-old startup’s rapid AI makeover

• When AI writes almost all code, what happens to software engineering?

• Why it’s so dramatic that “writing code by hand is dead”

• AI Engineering in the real world

• The AI Engineering stack

—

Production and marketing by ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://penname.co/⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠. For inquiries about sponsoring the podcast, email podcast@pragmaticengineer.com.

We cover the miserable tale of the 4th crusade, the Latin Empire and Anthony gives advice on how to write a Byzantium based historical novel. We had fun with this one and I hope you enjoy it.

If you have any interest at all in Byzantium or in the Roman Empire generally I think you should really enjoy this episode. Professor Kaldellis is one of the leading scholars on Byzantium (East Rome?) and his book The New Roman Empire - A History of Byzantium takes you all the way from the founding of Constantinople to its fall to the Ottoman Turks in the 15th century, more than a thousand years later. The book is a tour de force and despite the scale of the story it is extremely readable and I enjoyed the dry wit throughout. And he made an absolutely fascinating guest. So if you love stories of the Roman Empire do give it a listen. We couldn't cover everything but we covered a lot!

We recorded it in one go but we reached a natural break point so I have split it into two parts.

Philip Larkin was terrified of death from an early age; Thomas Hardy contemplated what the neighbours would say after he had gone; and Sylvia Plath imagined her own death in vivid and controversial ways. The genre of self-elegy, in which poets have reflected on their own passing, is a small but eloquent one in the history of English poetry. In this episode, Seamus and Mark consider some of its most striking examples, including Chidiock Tichborne’s laconic lament on the night of his execution in 1586, Jonathan Swift’s breezy anticipation of his posthumous reception, and the more comfortless efforts of 20th-century poets confronting godless extinction.

Non-subscribers will only hear an extract from this episode. To listen to the full episode, and to all our other Close Readings series, subscribe:

Directly in Apple Podcasts: https://lrb.me/applecrld

In other podcast apps: https://lrb.me/closereadingsld

Read more in the LRB:

Jacqueline Rose on Plath:

⁠⁠⁠https://lrb.me/ldself1⁠

David Runciman on Larkin and his father:

⁠https://lrb.me/ldself2⁠

John Bayley on Larkin

⁠⁠⁠https://lrb.me/ldself3⁠

Matthew Bevis on Hardy:

⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://lrb.me/ldself4⁠

LRB Audiobooks

Discover audiobooks from the LRB: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://lrb.me/audiobooksld⁠⁠⁠

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

What does it mean for a jug to be a jug? Or for any thing to be called a ‘thing’? In his 1950 lecture ‘Das Ding’, Heidegger attempts to cajole his audience away from their everyday way of seeing the world as consisting of objects that can be represented objectively, and into the kind of thinking that ‘responds and recalls’. For Heidegger, the world we experience is one of dynamic movement between revelation and concealment, where the essential nature of a thing lies in its ‘thinging’, and the ‘jug’s jug character consists in the poured gift of the jug’s pouring out’. In this episode Jonathan and James work through Heidegger’s ideas about both ‘things’ and time, and consider the purpose of his poetic style.

Non-subscribers will only hear an extract from this episode. To listen to the full episode, and all our other Close Readings series, subscribe:

Directly in Apple Podcasts: ⁠https://lrb.me/applecrcip⁠

In other podcast apps: ⁠https://lrb.me/closereadingscip

Further reading in the LRB:

Richard Rorty: Heidegger's Worlds

⁠https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v12/n03/richard-rorty/diary⁠

J.P. Stern: Heil Heidegger

⁠https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v11/n08/j.p.-stern/heil-heidegger⁠

James Miller: Arendt and Heidegger

⁠https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v17/n20/james-miller/thinking-without-a-banister

LRB AUDIOBOOKS

Discover audiobooks from the LRB, including Jonathan Rée's Becoming a Philosopher: Spinoza to Sartre:

⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://lrb.me/audiobookscip⁠⁠

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Jorge Luis Borges was a librarian with rock star status, a stimulus for magical realism who was not a magical realist, and a wholly original writer who catalogued and defined his own precursors. It’s fitting that he was fascinated by paradoxes, and his most famous stories are fantasias on themes at the heart of this series: dreams, mirrors, recursion, labyrinths, language and creation.

Marina and Chloe explore Borges’s fiction with particular focus on two stories: ‘The Circular Ruins’ and ‘The Aleph’. They discuss the many contradictions and puzzles in his life and work, and the ways in which he transformed the writing of his contemporaries, successors and distant ancestors.

Non-subscribers will only hear an extract from this episode. To listen to the full episode, and all our other Close Readings series, subscribe:

Directly in Apple Podcasts: ⁠⁠⁠https://lrb.me/applecrff⁠⁠⁠

In other podcast apps: ⁠⁠⁠https://lrb.me/closereadingsff⁠⁠

Further reading in the LRB:

Michael Wood on Borges’s collected fiction:

⁠⁠⁠https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v21/n03/michael-wood/productive-mischief⁠⁠⁠

Colm Toíbìn on Borges’s life:

⁠⁠⁠https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v28/n09/colm-toibin/don-t-abandon-me⁠⁠⁠

Marina Warner on enigmas and riddles:

⁠⁠⁠https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v29/n03/marina-warner/doubly-damned⁠⁠⁠

Daniel Wassbeim on Sur and Borges’s circle:

⁠⁠⁠https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v10/n05/daniel-waissbein/dying-for-madame-ocampo⁠⁠⁠

Next episode: Marina and Chloe discuss The Hearing Trumpet by Leonora Carrington.

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

At the heart of human existence is a tragic ambiguity: the fact that we experience ourselves both as subject and object, internal and external, at the same time, and can never fully inhabit either state. In her 1947 book, Simone de Beauvoir addresses the ethical implications of this uncertainty and the ‘agonising evidence of freedom’ it presents, along with the opportunity it creates for continual self-definition. In this episode Jonathan and James discuss these arguments and Beauvoir’s warnings against trying to evade the responsibilities imposed upon us by this ambiguity. They also look at the ways in which Beauvoir developed these ideas in The Second Sex and her novels, and her remarkable readings of George Eliot, Virginia Woolf and E.M. Forster.

Non-subscribers will only hear an extract from this episode. To listen to the full episode, and to all our other Close Readings series, subscribe:

Directly in Apple Podcasts: ⁠⁠⁠https://lrb.me/applecrcip⁠⁠⁠

In other podcast apps: ⁠⁠⁠https://lrb.me/closereadingscip

Read more in the LRB:

Joanna Biggs: ⁠https://lrb.me/cipbeauvoir1⁠

Toril Moi: ⁠https://lrb.me/cipbeauvoir2⁠

Elaine Showalter: ⁠https://lrb.me/cipbeauvoir3⁠

Audiobooks from the LRB

Including Jonathan Rée's 'Becoming a Philosopher: Spinoza to Sartre': ⁠https://lrb.me/audiobookscip

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In 1908, Virginia Woolf wrote that she hoped to revolutionise the novel and ‘capture multitudes of things at present fugitive’. ‘To the Lighthouse’ (1927) marks perhaps her fullest realisation of the novel as philosophical enterprise, and not simply because one of its central characters is engaged with the problem of ‘subject and object and the nature of reality’. In the final episode of their series, Jonathan and James consider different ways of reading Woolf’s great novel: as a satirical portrait of her father through Mr Ramsay, as a study of creative expression through Lily Briscoe, or as a mystical, Platonic quest in which form and style respond to philosophical propositions, and the truth of human experience is to be found in movement, conversation and laughter.

Non-subscribers will only hear an extract from this episode. To listen to the full episode, and to all our other Close Readings series, subscribe:

Directly in Apple Podcasts: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://lrb.me/applecrcip⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠

In other podcast apps: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://lrb.me/closereadingscip⁠

Read more in the LRB:

Jacqueline Rose: Where's Woolf? https://lrb.me/cipep13woolf1

Virgina Woolf: The Symbol https://lrb.me/cipep13woolf2

John Bayley: Superchild https://lrb.me/cipep13woolf3

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

What began as a simple idea—to change how we hear and interact with voices—has turned into a global tech movement. In this brand-new limited podcast series of The Morning Brief- ET in the Valley, host Surabhi Agarwal speaks with ElevenLabs co-founder Mati Staniszewski about the company’s mission to revolutionize voice technology. From its Polish roots and multilingual vision to expanding across India with support for Hindi and Tamil, ElevenLabs is reimagining how language, AI, and creativity converge. The discussion dives into the company’s collaboration with Indian enterprises, Mati’s meeting with Prime Minister Modi, and the challenges of navigating a rapidly evolving regulatory landscape.
As voice models grow more sophisticated and creators monetize their own voices, the episode explores whether ElevenLabs’ blend of innovation, ethics, and global ambition could redefine how the world listens—and speaks—in the AI era.

Tune in

You can follow Surabhi Agarwal on her Linkedin, Twitter profiles and read her Newspaper Articles.

Check out other interesting episodes from the host like
Corner Office Conversation with Sridhar Vembu, CEO, of Zoho Corporation
Rebel Foods’ chief on Building Brands, Tech, and an IPO on the Horizon
Booking’s APAC Chief on Travel Trends, AI, and Loyalty
Reliance’s AI Playbook
Text-to-Theater? How AI is Rewriting Cinema Part 1
How AI is Rewriting Cinema Part 2